Navigating Swiss real estate law and taxation requires precision. Switzerland's federal structure creates a regulatory landscape where cantonal rules often diverge from federal frameworks. For foreign and domestic investors purchasing property in key cantons such as Zurich, understanding the interplay between notarial procedures, Lex Koller restrictions, and multi-tiered tax obligations is essential. This guide provides a roadmap through the legal and fiscal requirements governing Swiss real estate transactions in 2025. > "Over two decades of practice have taught me that successful property acquisitions in Switzerland depend on three pillars: thorough due diligence, precise contractual structuring, and proactive tax planning. The most costly mistakes occur when buyers underestimate cantonal variations or overlook mandatory steps in the notarial process." — Markus Pritzker, Swiss corporate lawyer ## The role of a real estate lawyer in Switzerland: beyond the notary In Swiss property transactions, the notary serves as a neutral public official who authenticates the purchase deed and submits the transfer request to the cantonal land register. The notary's role is procedural and impartial—they do not represent either party's interests. A real estate lawyer, by contrast, acts exclusively on behalf of the client, conducting comprehensive legal due diligence, negotiating contract terms, identifying hidden risks in title records, and structuring transactions to minimize tax exposure. The distinction is critical. While the notary ensures formal compliance with authentication requirements under cantonal law, the lawyer protects the client's financial and legal position. For foreign buyers subject to Lex Koller authorization or investors structuring cross-border acquisitions, legal representation is not merely advisable—it is a safeguard against regulatory pitfalls and unanticipated liabilities. When dealing with complex international structures, understanding [double taxation treaties](https://swissfirma.com/double-tax-treaties-switzerland/) becomes essential for optimizing tax positions. Additionally, for transactions requiring remote execution, proper documentation through [power of attorney](https://swissfirma.com/power-attorney-switzerland/) procedures ensures compliance with Swiss formalities.

Comparison of real estate lawyer and notary functions in Switzerland
Function	Real estate lawyer	Notary
Client protection	Represents and defends client interests in transactions and litigation under cantonal bar rules	Acts as neutral public officer; does not represent client interests
Due diligence	Conducts legal due diligence on title, encumbrances, zoning compliance, and contract drafting	Performs limited checks on land register entries; does not conduct comprehensive due diligence
Tax optimization	Advises on tax structuring, capital gains planning, and use of double taxation treaties	No tax advisory role
Contract negotiations	Negotiates terms, drafts amendments, and may sign contracts by power of attorney	Does not participate in negotiations; authenticates final agreed documents
Neutrality/impartiality	Advocates for client; not neutral	Required by cantonal law to act impartially and authenticate signatures without client representation

## The Swiss property purchase process: a step-by-step legal guide The standard Swiss property acquisition follows a structured sequence from initial reservation through final registration. The process typically spans three to four months, though timelines vary by canton and transaction complexity. Each stage involves specific legal obligations and documentation requirements. {{cta:cta-1}} ### Step 1: due diligence (legal examination of the property) Before signing any binding agreement, the buyer—typically through legal counsel—must verify the property's legal status. This examination centers on the cantonal land register (Grundbuch or Registre foncier), which records ownership, encumbrances, easements, and servitudes. The notary requests an official extract showing the seller's title, any mortgages, liens, or restrictions, and registered rights of third parties. Beyond title verification, due diligence includes reviewing zoning regulations under the Federal Spatial Planning Act and cantonal implementation rules. Buyers must confirm that the property's current use complies with the applicable zoning plan and that any planned modifications require obtainable building permits. For commercial or development projects, this stage also involves checking environmental compliance, structural inspections, and verification of existing leases or tenant rights. **Key red flags to watch for during land register review:** - Construction servitudes (Baulinien) restricting future development - Residential use quotas (Wohnanteil) limiting commercial conversion - Building rights (Baurecht) held by third parties - Easements affecting access or utilities ### Step 2: reservation & purchase agreements Swiss practice commonly uses a reservation agreement (promesse de vente or Kaufreservation) to secure the transaction while the buyer arranges financing and completes due diligence. The buyer deposits a sum—typically 5% to 30% of the purchase price or a fixed amount ranging from CHF 5,000 to CHF 200,000—into the notary's or agent's escrow account. The seller countersigns and commits not to market the property to other buyers during the reservation period. **Example escrow procedure:** The deposit is held in the notary's trust account and credited toward the purchase price upon closing. If the buyer withdraws without cause, the deposit may be forfeited according to the reservation agreement terms. If the seller breaches, the deposit is returned in full with potential damages. Importantly, real estate purchase agreements in Switzerland must be notarized to be legally binding. A reservation agreement that is not notarized does not transfer ownership and either party may withdraw without legal penalty, though the deposit terms govern financial consequences. The formal purchase agreement (Kaufvertrag) is executed later, after due diligence is complete and any required authorizations (such as Lex Koller permits for foreign buyers) are obtained. ### Step 3: public notarization & ownership transfer Once all conditions are satisfied, the parties appear before the competent cantonal notary to execute the notarized purchase deed. The notary reads the contract aloud, verifies the parties' identities, and ensures both parties understand the terms. After signing, the notary authenticates the deed and submits the transfer request to the cantonal land register. Ownership legally transfers upon registration in the land register, not at the moment of signing. The registration process typically takes two to three weeks, during which the notary pays applicable transfer taxes and registration fees. Only after the land register entry is complete does the buyer acquire full legal title and the right to occupy or dispose of the property. ### Special rules for foreigners: understanding Lex Koller > *This information is general in nature and does not replace consultation with a specialist.* The Federal Act on the Acquisition of Real Estate by Persons Abroad (Lex Koller), enacted in 1983 and effective since 1985, restricts non-resident foreign nationals from purchasing Swiss residential real estate without cantonal authorization. "Persons abroad" include individuals who are not Swiss citizens, do not hold EU/EFTA nationality, and lack a Swiss residence permit (B or C permit). Lex Koller applies primarily to non-commercial residential properties, including holiday homes and principal residences. Commercial real estate—such as office buildings, industrial facilities, or retail premises—is generally exempt, provided the property is used for a genuine business purpose. EU/EFTA nationals holding a B permit (residence permit) are treated as residents and are exempt from Lex Koller restrictions for purchasing housing. For non-exempt buyers, cantonal authorities issue permits subject to annual quotas and specific conditions. Holiday home permits are limited to designated tourist communes, with maximum habitable space of 200–250 m² and land area of 1,000 m². Unauthorized transactions are void. **Processing times and documentation by canton:** - **Zurich:** 2–3 months; requires proof of financial capacity, intended use declaration, and residence status documentation - **Geneva:** 3–4 months; stricter scrutiny for commercial justification - **Vaud:** 2–3 months; tourist commune designation affects quota availability **Corporate structures and share deals:** Foreign companies acquiring Swiss real estate through share deals (purchasing the entity owning the property rather than the property itself) may trigger Lex Koller review if the transaction results in indirect foreign control. Cantonal authorities assess whether the structure circumvents Lex Koller restrictions. The Federal Council has proposed amendments to tighten Lex Koller, including reintroducing restrictions on commercial property acquisitions by foreigners and mandating resale of principal residences upon termination of residence permits. Implementation timelines and final provisions are subject to legislative approval. More detailed information is available on the official portal of the [Federal Office of Justice – Acquisition of Immovable Property by Foreign Non-Residents](https://www.bj.admin.ch/bj/en/home/wirtschaft/grundstueckerwerb.html). {{cta:cta-1}} ## A comprehensive guide to real estate taxes in Switzerland Switzerland's [tax system](https://swissfirma.com/types-taxes-switzerland/) operates on three levels: federal, cantonal, and municipal. Real estate taxation is predominantly a cantonal competence, with significant variation in rates, bases, and exemptions across the 26 cantons. Municipalities apply local multipliers to cantonal and federal tax liabilities, further differentiating effective tax burdens. At the federal level, Switzerland does not impose a federal real estate capital gains tax or a federal property transfer tax. Federal taxation covers income and wealth tax bases that include rental income for residents and global wealth for residents. Cantons levy the real estate capital gains tax (Grundstückgewinnsteuer), property transfer duties, and in some cases annual property taxes. Municipalities set local multipliers and may charge additional levies. A major reform occurred in 2025 when a national referendum abolished the historical imputed rental value tax (Eigenmietwert) and authorized cantons to introduce taxes on second homes. This shift fundamentally altered the taxation of owner-occupied residential property. ### Property transfer tax (Handänderungssteuer) Property transfer tax is a cantonal levy charged when ownership of real estate changes hands. The tax is calculated as a percentage of the purchase price or cadastral value, with rates varying by canton. In most cantons, the buyer is the statutory payer, though contractual arrangements may shift the burden.

Property transfer tax rates in selected cantons (2025)
Canton	Typical rate (%)	Who pays?	Notes
Zurich	No Handänderungssteuer	Buyer (fee only)	CHF 180 land register fee
Geneva	3.0%	Buyer (via notary)	Reduced to 1–2% for inheritance division or exchange
Zug	No Handänderungssteuer	Buyer (fees only)	Land register and notary fees based on effort
Vaud	3.3%	Buyer (unless otherwise agreed)	Standard rate for most transactions
Bern	1.8%	Buyer	Progressive rates for higher values
Basel-Landschaft	2.0%	Split equally (buyer/seller)	Unique 50/50 split arrangement
Ticino	1.5%	Buyer	Lower rate compared to western cantons
Valais	1.5%	Buyer	Tourist areas may have additional levies

Cantons such as Zurich and Zug abolished the Handänderungssteuer and charge only nominal land register fees. Geneva, by contrast, applies a 3% rate on standard transactions, with the notary collecting the tax and passing it to the buyer. In Basel-Landschaft, the tax is split equally between buyer and seller. ### Real estate gains tax (Grundstückgewinnsteuer) The Grundstückgewinnsteuer is a cantonal tax on the capital gain realized upon sale of real estate. The taxable gain is calculated as the sale price minus the acquisition cost, allowable deductions (such as value-preserving renovations and transaction costs), and any applicable reductions for long holding periods. Cantons apply progressive or proportional rate schedules, with significant variation. In Canton Zurich, short-term sales trigger surcharges: a 50% surcharge applies if the property is sold within one year, and a 25% surcharge if sold within two years. Conversely, long holding periods reduce the tax burden. After 20 years of ownership, Zurich allows taxpayers to use the market value from 20 years earlier as the acquisition cost, effectively reducing the taxable gain by up to 50%. **Example calculation (Zurich):** - Purchase price (2005): CHF 1,000,000 - Sale price (2025): CHF 1,800,000 - Value-preserving renovations: CHF 150,000 - Holding period: 20 years - Taxable gain: CHF 1,800,000 – CHF 1,000,000 – CHF 150,000 = CHF 650,000 - After 20-year reduction (50%): CHF 325,000 - Estimated tax (progressive rates): ~CHF 130,000 (40% effective rate on reduced gain) **Geneva example:** - Holding period >25 years: 100% exemption from Grundstückgewinnsteuer - Holding period 15–25 years: progressive reduction - Holding period <5 years: full taxation with higher rates Tax deferral (Aufschub) is available when the proceeds from the sale are reinvested in a replacement property that will be used permanently and exclusively as the taxpayer's principal residence in Switzerland. The deferral is conditional: the proceeds must be applied to the replacement property, formal notifications must be submitted to the cantonal tax authority, and the replacement must occur within a specified timeframe (typically two years in Zurich). This mechanism allows taxpayers to defer the Grundstückgewinnsteuer until the replacement property is eventually sold. **Conditions for tax deferral in Zurich:** 1. Proceeds must be fully reinvested in replacement property 2. Replacement property must be used as principal residence 3. Reinvestment must occur within two years 4. Formal notification to cantonal tax authority required 5. Partial deferral available if proceeds exceed replacement cost (excess taxed immediately) ### Annual property-related taxes #### Annual property tax (Liegenschaftssteuer) Following the 2025 referendum, cantons gained the authority to introduce a new annual property tax (Liegenschaftssteuer) on self-occupied second homes, compensating for the abolition of the imputed rental value tax. Cantons such as Bern, Ticino, Zurich, and Valais have announced plans to implement this tax from 1 January 2026. The tax is levied as a percentage of the property's taxable or market value, with rates set independently by each canton and municipality. For example, Ticino proposed a 7.5% compensatory increase in cantonal tax rates, Zurich a 3% increase, and Valais a 4.5% increase. The exact rate and base vary, and some cantons (such as Thurgau) are phasing out general property taxes by 2029. **Cantonal implementation status (2025–2026):** - **Bern:** Approved by 55.26% of voters; implementation from 1 January 2026 - **Ticino:** 7.5% compensatory increase in cantonal rates - **Zurich:** 3% compensatory increase; applies to second homes only - **Valais:** 4.5% compensatory increase - **Thurgau:** Phasing out general Liegenschaftssteuer by 2029 #### Imputed rental value (Eigenmietwert) as income tax Until the 2025 reform, Swiss tax law required owner-occupiers to include a notional rental income—the Eigenmietwert—in their taxable income. This value was set at 60% to 70% of the market rent the property could command, as established by Federal Supreme Court jurisprudence. Cantons used different methodologies: some applied a percentage of the property's wealth tax value (e.g., Zurich used 3.5% for single-family houses and 4.25% for apartments), while others employed hedonic valuation models based on comparable transactions. The Eigenmietwert was included in federal and cantonal income tax bases, with mortgage interest, maintenance costs, and certain other expenses deductible against that income. The 2025 referendum abolished this system, eliminating the Eigenmietwert for primary residences and authorizing cantons to tax second homes through the new Liegenschaftssteuer. ### Inheritance & gift tax on real estate Inheritance and gift taxes are levied at the cantonal level, with rates and exemptions varying widely. In Canton Zurich, spouses and direct descendants (children) are fully exempt from inheritance and gift tax on real estate as of 2025. Other heirs face progressive rates administered by the cantonal tax office. In Canton Geneva, spouses are exempt, and children are generally exempt from inheritance tax for decedents resident in Geneva. Gifts and inheritances to non-exempt relatives are taxed under progressive cantonal schedules. The degree of kinship determines the applicable rate, with closer relatives receiving more favorable treatment. ## Comprehensive real estate law services in Switzerland Our legal firm provides a full spectrum of real estate law services across Switzerland. Our experienced property lawyers and real estate attorneys offer qualified legal advice to protect your legal rights at every stage of property transactions. We deliver legal representation for both private and corporate clients, ensuring that every aspect of your real estate investments is safeguarded by law. By engaging our law firm, you gain access to deep expertise and practical solutions tailored to the Swiss legal framework. ### Expertise in real estate transactions and development We provide complete legal representation in real estate acquisition and real estate development projects. Our team supports complex commercial transactions, including drafting and analyzing contracts, conducting comprehensive due diligence, and structuring investment in property. We offer strategic legal advice to minimize risks and optimize financial outcomes for your projects. Our services cover the full transaction lifecycle: from initial feasibility studies and zoning compliance checks through to notarial closing and land register entry. We coordinate with notaries, surveyors, and tax advisors to ensure seamless execution. For development projects, we advise on land assembly, joint venture agreements, and financing structures, ensuring that all regulatory and contractual requirements are met. ### Drafting and reviewing real estate contracts to protect your legal rights Effective protection of your interests begins with precise drafting of real estate contracts. We specialize in drafting, negotiation, and review of all types of agreements to ensure and protect your legal rights. Our expertise in property law allows us to anticipate and prevent potential real estate disputes. We provide clear legal advice so that you fully understand all obligations and conditions before signing. Our contract services include purchase agreements, reservation agreements, lease contracts, option agreements, and shareholder agreements for [property-holding entities](https://swissfirma.com/swiss-company-types/). We identify ambiguous clauses, negotiate favorable terms, and ensure compliance with mandatory Swiss law provisions, including those governing warranties, defect liability, and transfer of risk. **Example contractual clauses:** **Escrow condition:** > "The purchase price shall be paid into the notary's escrow account in two installments: (i) 10% upon signing of this agreement; (ii) 90% upon receipt of all required authorizations under Lex Koller and confirmation of clear title from the land register. The notary shall release funds to the seller only upon registration of the transfer in the land register." **Lex Koller condition precedent:** > "This agreement is subject to the condition precedent that the purchaser obtains all necessary authorizations under the Federal Act on the Acquisition of Real Estate by Persons Abroad (Lex Koller) within 90 days of signing; failing which, the agreement shall be null and void without penalty, and the deposit shall be returned in full." ### Resolving real estate disputes through strategic litigation When real estate disputes arise, our firm offers effective real estate representation in court. We use litigation law as a tool to defend your rights, but we always strive for resolution through negotiation and mediation where possible. Our property lawyers have experience handling cases involving boundary disputes, construction defects, and creditor debtor issues. Our goal is to achieve the best result in court or outside it. We represent clients in cantonal and federal courts, as well as in arbitration proceedings. Our litigation practice covers landlord-tenant disputes, enforcement of easements, challenges to building permits, and claims arising from breach of purchase agreements. We also advise on foreclosure proceedings and bankruptcy-related real estate matters, protecting creditor interests and negotiating workout solutions. **Common dispute categories and typical timelines:** 1. **Landlord-tenant disputes:** 3–6 months (mediation); 12–18 months (court) 2. **Construction defects:** 6–12 months (expert assessment); 18–24 months (litigation) 3. **Boundary disputes:** 6–9 months (surveyor report); 12–18 months (court) 4. **Foreclosure proceedings:** 3–6 months (enforcement); 6–12 months (contested) **Preventive contractual clauses:** - Mediation requirement before litigation - Expert determination for technical disputes - Limitation of liability for latent defects - Clear allocation of maintenance responsibilities ### Navigating Swiss construction law for your projects Construction law in Switzerland operates within a complex legal framework. We assist clients at every stage of real estate development, from obtaining building permits and complying with zoning regulations to drafting contractor agreements. Our expertise helps prevent construction disputes and ensures that your project meets all regulatory requirements. We advise on the Federal Spatial Planning Act and cantonal building codes, coordinate with municipal authorities, and manage public notification and objection procedures. Our services include reviewing architectural contracts, engineering agreements, and general contractor terms, ensuring that liability allocation, payment schedules, and defect warranties are clearly defined and enforceable. ### Counsel for distressed real estate, workouts, and bankruptcy issues We offer legal assistance in complex situations involving distressed real estate. Our services include real estate workouts, restructuring of debt, and representation in matters governed by bankruptcy law. We help both creditors and debtors find legal solutions during financial difficulties, working on asset recovery and resolving creditor debtor issues. Our practice covers enforcement proceedings under the Swiss Debt Enforcement and Bankruptcy Act (SchKG), mortgage foreclosure, and court-supervised composition plans. We negotiate standstill agreements, debt-for-asset swaps, and refinancing arrangements, and we represent clients in forced sale auctions and insolvency reorganizations. ### Broader context: real estate market trends and intellectual property law Understanding real estate market trends is crucial for informed decision-making. In 2024 and 2025, Swiss residential prices continued to rise, with owner-occupied apartment prices increasing by 4.2% year-on-year in Q4 2024 and single-family houses by 3.4%. Advertised rents rose by 6.3% year-on-year in Q1 2024, and analysts forecast continued rent increases of approximately 4.1% in 2024. UBS projects total returns for Swiss residential real estate at approximately 5.6% for 2025, driven by renewed demand and improving financing conditions as mortgage rates decline. Investor demand remains selective but strong, particularly for multifamily properties and ESG-compliant office buildings. Transaction activity is recovering in 2025, supported by lower interest rates and a structural housing shortage. Vacancy levels are tightening, with the highest sentiment and price expectations in the Zurich and Geneva regions. We also consult on related matters such as intellectual property law when dealing with branding and trademarks in large property development projects. {{cta:cta-1}} ## Your local real estate lawyer in Zurich As your local [real estate lawyer](https://swissfirma.com/real-estate-lawyers-making-life-simpler-to-live/) in Zurich, we offer not only legal expertise but also deep understanding of the local market. Our team of attorneys provides personalized real estate representation and legal advice based on many years of experience working specifically in Zurich. Knowledge of cantonal legislation and market connections allows our property lawyers to solve your tasks effectively. Take advantage of our law firm services for successful transactions in Zurich. Zurich's real estate market in 2025 is characterized by higher average residential prices—approximately CHF 14,300 per square meter, with premium submarkets such as Oerlikon, Kreis 5, and Seefeld reaching CHF 14,700 to CHF 15,000 per square meter. House prices in Canton Zurich rose by approximately 4.1% between Q3 2024 and Q3 2025, with a cumulative five-year increase of around 30% in city and lakeside municipalities. The market is constrained by a documented shortage of developable land and prolonged permitting procedures, which limit supply and sustain price growth. Purchasing property in Zurich commonly requires Swiss residence permits (B or C) for non-nationals, and local restrictions may apply to renting purchased units for some non-residents. Our firm navigates these cantonal-specific requirements and provides strategic advice on timing, financing, and regulatory compliance. ## Schedule a consultation with our real estate attorneys Ready to discuss your situation? Contact us to schedule a consultation and get expert legal advice from a leading real estate lawyer. **Disclaimer:** This guide provides general information on Swiss real estate law and taxation as of January 2025. It does not constitute legal, tax, or financial advice. Laws and regulations are subject to change, and cantonal variations apply. Readers should consult qualified legal and tax professionals before making any real estate investment or transaction decisions. The information regarding proposed 2025 reforms (Eigenmietwert abolition, Liegenschaftssteuer introduction, Lex Koller amendments) is based on publicly available sources and may be subject to legislative changes and implementation timelines.

Swiss real estate law & tax: a complete guide for buyers & investors