**Disclaimer:** This information is for general guidance only and does not constitute legal, tax, or financial advice. Tax laws and regulations are subject to change. Consult with qualified Swiss tax and legal advisors before making corporate decisions or initiating company formation. Switzerland remains one of the world's premier jurisdictions for establishing holding companies in 2025, despite significant regulatory changes introduced by the TRAF (Tax Reform and AHV Financing) legislation. While the old "holding privilege" regime was abolished on January 1, 2020, the new framework preserves substantial tax benefits through the participation exemption mechanism, ensuring that Switzerland continues to attract international investors seeking efficient corporate structures for managing cross-border investments. ## What is a holding company in Switzerland (Swiss holding company)? A Swiss holding company is a legal entity whose primary purpose is the long-term ownership and management of equity stakes (participations) in other companies, both domestic and foreign. The company does not engage in commercial, industrial, or craft activities within Switzerland; its core function is passive investment management and strategic control of subsidiary entities. Typical corporate structures include the [Aktiengesellschaft (AG/SA, joint-stock company)](https://swissfirma.com/swiss-company-types/) or [Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH/Sàrl, limited liability company)](https://swissfirma.com/set-gmbh-switzerland/), though other forms such as cooperatives are legally permissible under Swiss Commercial Law. For a company to qualify as a holding entity under Swiss tax law, at least two-thirds of its assets or income must derive from participations in other companies. This threshold ensures that the entity's primary economic activity is investment holding rather than operational business. The holding company structure allows centralized capital allocation, risk management, and tax optimization while maintaining the legal autonomy of subsidiary entities.

Swiss Holding Company

Corporate Structure Overview

Swiss Holding Company

(AG or GmbH)

Subsidiary A

Domestic (Swiss)

Subsidiary B

Foreign

Subsidiary C

Foreign

Qualifying Participation: ≥ 10% of share capital OR ≥ CHF 1 million market value

Fig. 1. Schematic structure of a Swiss holding company owning stakes in subsidiary enterprises.

## Key benefits of creating a holding in Switzerland Establishing a holding company in Switzerland offers a combination of tax efficiency, strategic flexibility, and operational advantages that few jurisdictions can match. The benefits extend beyond mere tax savings to encompass asset protection, international market access, and enhanced corporate governance. ### Main tax benefits (post-2020 reform) The participation exemption (Beteiligungsabzug) represents the cornerstone of Swiss holding company taxation in 2025. This mechanism provides near-complete exemption from corporate income tax on dividends and capital gains derived from qualifying participations. At the federal level, the effective tax rate on such income approaches zero when the holding company owns at least 10% of a subsidiary's share capital or holds participations valued at CHF 1 million or more. For capital gains, the participation must have been held for a minimum of 12 months. Cantonal tax authorities apply similar relief, with the participation exemption mechanism operating at both federal and cantonal levels to provide comprehensive tax relief. However, the holding company must allocate financing costs and administrative expenses proportionally between exempt and taxable income, which can reduce the overall benefit in mixed holding structures. Switzerland's extensive network of [double taxation treaties](https://swissfirma.com/double-tax-treaties-switzerland/)—covering more than 100 countries—further enhances tax efficiency by reducing withholding taxes on cross-border dividend flows. Treaty rates can reduce withholding from the standard 35% to 15%, 10%, 5%, or even 0% under applicable treaties, depending on the recipient's jurisdiction and ownership structure. {{cta:cta-1}} ### Strategic and operational benefits Beyond taxation, Swiss holding companies provide robust asset protection through legal separation of subsidiary entities. Each subsidiary operates as an independent legal person, shielding the parent company and other group members from financial and legal liabilities arising from individual operations. This structure proves particularly valuable for family offices and wealth management vehicles, where protecting assets from creditors and third-party claims during litigation or bankruptcy proceedings is paramount. The prestige associated with Swiss corporate registration enhances credibility with international partners, investors, and financial institutions. Switzerland's political and economic stability, combined with its sophisticated financial infrastructure, makes it an attractive jurisdiction for holding structures. This reputational advantage facilitates capital raising, partnership negotiations, and market entry strategies. Switzerland's strict confidentiality laws protect shareholder information, with AG structures offering particularly high levels of privacy since shareholders are not listed in the public Commercial Register. While beneficial ownership transparency requirements have increased under FATCA and CRS frameworks, Switzerland maintains stronger privacy protections than many competing jurisdictions, though companies must maintain a (non-public) share register and comply with UBO/AML transparency requirements. Access to Swiss private banking represents another significant advantage. Swiss banks are experienced in conducting due diligence for corporate clients and maintain well-established processes for account opening. A Swiss holding company registration provides direct access to sophisticated banking services, including multi-currency accounts, trade finance facilities, and wealth management platforms with proven track records of stability and discretion. ## Tax reform in Switzerland: what changed for holdings? The Swiss tax landscape underwent fundamental transformation between 2019 and 2020, driven by international pressure to eliminate preferential tax regimes that the OECD and EU classified as harmful tax practices. Understanding these changes is essential for investors evaluating Switzerland's continued attractiveness as a holding company jurisdiction. ### End of the "holding privilege": what this means in practice The traditional holding privilege (Holdingprivileg) provided cantonal tax exemptions for companies that exclusively held participations and derived no income from Swiss commercial activities. This regime, which had existed for decades, was abolished on January 1, 2020, following sustained criticism from the OECD and EU that it constituted an unfair tax advantage enabling base erosion and profit shifting. The old regime allowed qualifying holding companies to pay zero cantonal and municipal corporate income tax while benefiting from reduced federal taxation. This created effective tax rates as low as 7.83% on all income, making Switzerland one of the world's most tax-efficient jurisdictions for passive investment vehicles. However, the regime's lack of substance requirements and its availability only at the cantonal level created inconsistencies that international tax authorities deemed unacceptable under evolving global standards. The abolition did not eliminate Switzerland's competitiveness—it transformed it. The new framework applies uniform rules across all cantons while preserving the fundamental tax advantages through the participation exemption mechanism, which operates at both federal and cantonal levels. ### New era: how taxation works now (TRAF/STAF reform) The TRAF/STAF reform, which entered into force on January 1, 2020, introduced a harmonized corporate tax system that eliminated special cantonal regimes while introducing new instruments to maintain Switzerland's attractiveness. The reform reduced cantonal corporate tax rates across most jurisdictions, with the average combined federal and cantonal rate falling to approximately 14.4% in 2025. The participation exemption became the primary mechanism for holding company tax relief. This instrument exempts qualifying dividend income and capital gains from corporate income tax at both federal and cantonal levels, provided the holding company owns at least 10% of the subsidiary's share capital or holds participations valued at CHF 1 million or more. For capital gains, an additional requirement applies: the participation must have been held for at least 12 months. The reform also introduced patent box regimes and enhanced R&D super-deductions at the cantonal level. These instruments allow companies to deduct up to 150% of qualifying research and development expenses from their taxable income. While these instruments primarily benefit operational companies, they demonstrate Switzerland's commitment to maintaining a competitive tax environment that complies with OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) standards. ## Tax regime for holdings in Switzerland (Switzerland holding regime) Switzerland operates a three-tier corporate tax system comprising federal, cantonal, and municipal levels. Each tier applies distinct rates and rules, but the participation exemption mechanism operates across all levels to provide comprehensive relief for qualifying holding company income. ### Exemption from taxes on dividends and capital gains (participation exemption) The participation exemption (Beteiligungsabzug) represents the most significant tax advantage for Swiss holding companies. This mechanism provides proportional or full exemption from corporate income tax on dividend income and capital gains derived from qualifying participations. To qualify for the exemption, the holding company must meet one of two conditions: ownership of at least 10% of the subsidiary's share capital, or holding participations with a market value of at least CHF 1 million. For capital gains, the participation must have been held for a minimum of 12 months. When these conditions are met, the dividend income and capital gains are either fully exempt or subject to a proportional reduction in the tax base, depending on the ratio of participation income to total income. At the federal level, the participation exemption effectively reduces the tax rate on qualifying income to near zero. Cantonal authorities apply similar relief, with the participation exemption mechanism providing comprehensive tax relief when at least two-thirds of the company's assets or income derive from participations. This creates a combined effective tax rate approaching zero for pure holding companies that derive all income from qualifying participations. The exemption applies equally to dividends received from Swiss and foreign subsidiaries, making it a powerful tool for managing international investment portfolios. However, the holding company must allocate financing costs and administrative expenses proportionally between exempt and taxable income, which can reduce the overall benefit in mixed holding structures.

Participation Exemption Logic

Income Received

(Dividend or Capital Gain)

↓

Condition 1: Check Participation

Ownership ≥ 10% OR Value ≥ CHF 1M?

YES

↓

Condition 2: If Capital Gain

Held for ≥ 12 months?

↓

TAX EXEMPT

FULLY TAXABLE

Fig. 2. Conditions for applying the Participation Exemption regime in Switzerland.

### Federal, cantonal and municipal taxes #### Corporate income tax The federal corporate income tax rate is 8.5% on net profit, but since the tax itself is deductible from the tax base, the effective federal rate is 7.83%. This rate applies uniformly across all cantons and municipalities. However, the participation exemption mechanism reduces or eliminates this tax on qualifying dividend income and capital gains, making the effective federal tax burden minimal for pure holding companies. Cantonal and municipal [corporate income tax](https://swissfirma.com/corporate-taxes-switzerland/) rates vary significantly across Switzerland's 26 cantons. Combined cantonal and municipal rates range from approximately 11.9% in Zug to over 21% in some municipalities. The average combined federal, cantonal, and municipal rate across Switzerland is approximately 14.4% in 2025, but this figure is largely irrelevant for holding companies that benefit from participation exemption. #### Capital tax Switzerland levies an annual capital tax (Kapitalsteuer) at the cantonal and municipal levels, calculated on the company's equity (share capital, paid-in surplus, retained earnings, and reserves). Federal authorities do not impose a capital tax. Cantonal rates range from 0.001% to 0.5% depending on the jurisdiction and the company's location. Many cantons allow corporate income tax to be credited against capital tax liability, reducing the overall burden. For holding companies with minimal taxable income due to participation exemption, capital tax may represent the primary annual tax cost, though the amounts are typically modest compared to income tax in other jurisdictions. Certain cantons grant a reduction on annual capital taxes to the extent the taxable equity is attributable to participations, intragroup loans, or patents. #### Withholding tax and its reduction through double taxation treaties Switzerland applies a 35% withholding tax (Verrechnungssteuer) on dividends and certain other payments from Swiss companies to shareholders. This tax is withheld at source and remitted to federal authorities. For Swiss resident shareholders, the 35% is fully refundable upon proper declaration in annual tax returns. For non-resident shareholders, the withholding tax can be reduced or eliminated through double taxation treaties. Switzerland's extensive treaty network provides significant relief. For example, the [Switzerland-USA treaty](https://swissfirma.com/switzerland-usa-double-tax-treaty/) reduces withholding tax to 15% for US shareholders. Treaty benefits make Swiss holding companies attractive vehicles for managing international dividend flows with minimal tax leakage. Switzerland does not levy any withholding tax on outbound interest or royalty payments, provided the terms comply with the arm's length principle. ## How to create (set up) a holding company in Switzerland: step-by-step requirements Establishing a Swiss holding company involves a structured process that typically takes 6-10 weeks from initial consultation to final registration. The procedure requires careful planning, proper documentation, and coordination with Swiss authorities and service providers.

Swiss Holding Company Registration Process

Strategic Planning

Canton Selection & Tax Ruling

Legal Form

Choose AG or GmbH

Registration

Notary & Commercial Register

Post-Registration

Bank Account & NOGA Code

Tax Setup

Tax ID & VAT (if applicable)

### Step 1: strategic planning and canton selection The first critical decision is selecting the appropriate canton for registration. Cantonal tax rates, administrative efficiency, and the availability of advance tax rulings vary significantly. Zug is the most popular choice for holding companies, followed by Lucerne, Schwyz, and Geneva. Obtaining a preliminary tax ruling (Tax Ruling) from cantonal authorities is highly advisable before finalizing the structure. This ruling provides binding confirmation of the tax treatment that will apply to the holding company's structure and transactions, ensuring clarity on applicable rates and exemptions. The ruling procedure is fast, reliable, and conducted by the tax administration free of charge. The ruling process typically takes 4-8 weeks and provides multi-year certainty, reducing the risk of future disputes with tax authorities. ### Step 2: comparison of AG (joint-stock company) and GmbH (limited liability company) for creating a holding Swiss law offers two primary corporate forms for holding companies: the Aktiengesellschaft (AG) and the Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH). The choice between these forms affects capital requirements, shareholder privacy, and operational flexibility.

Comparative table of AG and GmbH organizational-legal forms for holding companies.
Criterion	AG (Aktiengesellschaft / joint-stock company)	GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung / limited liability company)
Minimum share capital	CHF 100,000 (minimum CHF 50,000 paid-in)	CHF 20,000 (fully paid-in)
Shareholder anonymity	High (shareholders not in public register, but share register and UBO/AML compliance required)	Low (members registered in Commercial Register)
Transfer of shares	Simple (transfer of registered shares)	Complex (requires notarial certification)
Management requirements	Board of directors, minimum 1 Swiss-resident director	Managing directors, minimum 1 Swiss-resident manager
Audit requirements	Ordinary audit if exceeding thresholds; limited audit or opt-out for smaller entities	Ordinary audit if exceeding thresholds; limited audit or opt-out for smaller entities

Choosing a Legal Form: AG vs. GmbH

AG (Joint-Stock Co.)

Min. Capital: CHF 100,000 (min. 50,000 paid-in)

Anonymity: High (Shareholders not public)

Share Transfer: Simple (no notary needed)

Best For: International investors, privacy focus, larger structures.

Preferred for Holding Companies

GmbH (Limited Liability Co.)

Min. Capital: CHF 20,000 (fully paid-in)

Anonymity: Low (Members in public register)

Share Transfer: Complex (notarial certification)

Best For: Smaller structures, owner-managed companies.

Lower capital requirement

{{cta:cta-1}} ### Step 3: registration process (notary, documents, commercial register) The formal registration process begins with preparation of founding documents, including the articles of association (Statuten), memorandum of association, and shareholder identification documents. All founding documents must be notarially certified to ensure legal validity. The notary verifies the identity of founders, confirms compliance with legal requirements, and certifies the authenticity of signatures. After notarial certification, the documents are submitted to the cantonal Commercial Register (Handelsregisteramt) for review and registration. The Commercial Register verifies compliance with Swiss corporate law and, upon approval, issues the company registration and assigns a Swiss Business Identification Number (UID). This process typically takes 5-10 business days. Upon registration, the company is published in the official Zefix database (Swiss Central Business Name Index), confirming its legal existence and providing public access to basic corporate information. ### Step 4: post-registration: bank account and NOGA codes After registration, the company must open a corporate bank account with a Swiss financial institution. This account is necessary for depositing the required share capital and conducting ongoing business operations. Swiss banks conduct thorough due diligence, requiring identification documents, proof of business purpose, source of funds documentation, and information on the ultimate beneficial owners (UBO), group structure, and business plan. The account opening process typically takes 2-4 weeks. The company is automatically assigned a NOGA code (Nomenclature Générale des Activités Économiques) by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office. This code classifies the company's economic activity for statistical purposes. For holding companies, the primary code is **64.20 - Activities of holding companies**, which specifically designates entities engaged in managing subsidiary companies without operational activities. The NOGA classification system aligns with the European NACE classification and is used for statistical reporting, tax administration, and regulatory compliance. The code is assigned based on the company's stated business purpose in the articles of association and can be verified through the official FSO website at [https://www.bfs.admin.ch](https://www.bfs.admin.ch). ### Step 5: tax identification and VAT registration The company is automatically assigned a Swiss corporate tax number upon registration. However, it must register separately for [VAT](https://swissfirma.com/vat-in-switzerland/) if engaging in taxable domestic turnover above CHF 100,000. Pure holding companies are typically not subject to VAT registration unless they perform management services. However, holding companies qualify as entrepreneurs for purposes of Swiss VAT and are eligible to recover input VAT incurred in relation to the purchase, sale, and administration of substantial participations. ## Comparison of cantons: where is it better to open a holding? Canton selection significantly impacts the overall tax burden and administrative experience of operating a Swiss holding company. While all cantons apply the federal tax rate uniformly, cantonal and municipal rates vary substantially. ### Overview of popular cantons: Zug, Geneva, Lucerne, Schwyz

Effective corporate income tax rates in popular Swiss cantons, 2025.
Canton	Effective corporate income tax rate (federal + cantonal)	Capital tax range	CIT credit vs capital tax
Zug	~11.85%	0.001%–0.02%	Available
Lucerne	~12.20%	0.05%–0.15%	Available
Schwyz	~12.00%	0.01%–0.10%	Available
Geneva	~14.00%	0.10%–0.25%	Available
Zurich	~19.70%	0.05%–0.20%	Available
Vaud	~14.00%–15.00%	0.10%–0.30%	Available

Zug maintains its position as the most tax-competitive canton for holding companies, with a combined effective rate of approximately 11.85%. The canton's reputation as a financial and blockchain hub, combined with efficient administration and experience with international clients, makes it the preferred choice for many investors. Lucerne offers a balanced approach with rates around 12.2%, combining moderate taxation with a stable regulatory environment and lower administrative costs compared to Zug. Schwyz provides similar rates at approximately 12.0%, with particularly favorable treatment for pure holding companies. Geneva, while having a higher effective rate of approximately 14.0%, offers advantages in terms of international business expertise, proximity to international organizations, and a well-developed professional services infrastructure. The canton is particularly attractive for holding companies managing investments in French-speaking markets or requiring access to Geneva's banking sector. ## Cost of creating and maintaining a holding in Switzerland Establishing and operating a Swiss holding company involves both one-time registration costs and ongoing annual expenses. Transparency regarding these costs is essential for proper financial planning. ### One-time registration costs Initial registration expenses typically include: - Government fees for Commercial Register entry: CHF 600-1,200 - Notary services for document certification: CHF 1,500-3,000 - Legal address service (first year): CHF 1,000-2,500 - Professional advisory fees (legal and tax): CHF 3,000-10,000 - Bank account opening assistance: CHF 500-1,500 Total one-time costs typically range from CHF 7,000 to CHF 18,000, depending on the complexity of the structure and the level of professional assistance required. ### Annual maintenance costs Ongoing annual expenses include: - [Accounting and bookkeeping services](https://swissfirma.com/accounting-services-switzerland/): CHF 3,000-8,000 - Statutory audit (if required): CHF 5,000-15,000 - Administrative services (registered office, mail handling): CHF 1,500-3,000 - Resident director services (if needed): CHF 3,000-8,000 - Tax compliance and filing: CHF 2,000-5,000 - Capital tax (cantonal): CHF 500-5,000 (depending on equity and canton) - Banking fees (account maintenance, transactions): CHF 500-2,000 Total annual costs typically range from CHF 8,000 to CHF 30,000, with pure holding companies at the lower end of the range due to simpler accounting requirements and potential exemption from statutory audit.

Estimated cost of registering and maintaining a holding company in Switzerland.
Cost Category	One-time (CHF)	Annual (CHF)
Government fees	600-1,200	—
Notary services	1,500-3,000	—
Legal/tax advisory	3,000-10,000	2,000-5,000
Accounting/bookkeeping	—	3,000-8,000
Audit (if required)	—	5,000-15,000
Registered office	1,000-2,500	1,500-3,000
Resident director	—	3,000-8,000
Capital tax	—	500-5,000
Banking/KYC	500-1,500	500-2,000
Total range	7,000-18,000	8,000-30,000

## Get a consultation on registering a holding in Switzerland Establishing a Swiss holding company requires careful planning, proper structuring, and expert guidance to maximize tax efficiency while ensuring full compliance with Swiss and international regulations. Our team of Swiss corporate law specialists provides comprehensive support throughout the registration process, from initial canton selection and tax ruling applications to ongoing compliance and corporate governance. {{cta:cta-1}} ## Conclusion: key takeaways for investors Switzerland remains a premier jurisdiction for holding companies in 2025, offering a unique combination of tax efficiency, political stability, and sophisticated financial infrastructure. The key advantages include: - **Near-zero taxation on qualifying dividend income and capital gains** through the participation exemption mechanism, available when holding at least 10% of subsidiary share capital or participations valued at CHF 1 million or more, with capital gains requiring a 12-month minimum holding period - **Political and economic stability** unmatched by competing jurisdictions, with a proven track record of protecting investor interests and maintaining consistent regulatory frameworks - **Access to over 100 double taxation treaties** that reduce cross-border withholding taxes and facilitate efficient international dividend flows, with Switzerland not levying withholding tax on outbound interest or royalty payments at arm's length - **Flexible corporate structures** (AG or GmbH) that accommodate diverse investor needs, from small family offices to large multinational groups, with 100% foreign ownership permitted - **Additional tax instruments** including VAT input recovery for holding companies, restructuring exemptions from stamp duties, no CFC rules at the federal level, and capital tax relief on equity attributable to participations, intragroup loans, or patents The 2020 TRAF/STAF reform and 2025 Income Inclusion Rule implementation have modernized Switzerland's tax framework without diminishing its fundamental competitiveness. While the old cantonal holding privileges are gone, the participation exemption mechanism provides equivalent benefits within a framework that complies with OECD and EU standards. For investors managing international portfolios with subsidiaries taxed at rates of 15% or higher, Switzerland continues to offer unparalleled advantages in terms of tax efficiency, asset protection, and operational flexibility. However, success requires careful attention to substance requirements, expense allocation rules, and compliance with evolving international standards. Investors should work with qualified Swiss tax and legal advisors to structure holding companies that withstand scrutiny under anti-abuse provisions while maximizing the benefits of Switzerland's competitive tax regime.

Holding company in Switzerland: taxes, registration and benefits after the reform